水、土环境中锑污染与控制研究进展

随着工业的发展,锑作为一种具有潜在毒性和致癌性的类金属元素,已经较为广泛地存在于水体和土壤环境中,显现出不可忽视的环境问题,并引起国际科学界的高度关注。文章综述了锑在水体和土壤环境中的污染现状、化学行为形态以及污染控制方面的研究进展。由采矿业、制造业带来的锑水土污染问题较为突出,目前的处理处置方法难以满足需求。今后需要在锑的水土环境化学方面加强研究,探讨锑的迁移转化规律;高效吸附材料的开发制备也是一个重要内容;植物组合修复土壤中的锑污染将是一个重要的突破口。     

回转体高速入水弹道模型研究

目的 快速预测回转体高速入水过程中的空泡形态发展和分析回转体高速入水后的弹道特性。方法 基于空泡截面独立扩张原理,建立回转体高速入水非定常超空泡计算方法,通过高速水动力计算方法,结合回转体动力学方程,实现回转体运动参数的求解。结果 通过与文献试验结果对比,验证了回转体高速入水弹道模型的可靠性。对比试验结果,模型的预测误差在10%以内,可满足回转体高速入水弹道预测需要。利用所建立的弹道模型计算了回转体在高速垂直、倾斜入水2种工况下的空泡形态、运动参数变化。发现回转体高速入水过程中,空泡会影响回转体的运动,回转体速度衰减主要和空化器阻力有关。回转体在受到扰动角速度的影响后,滑行力会改变回转体的姿态角和攻角,并使弹道发生弯曲,但有助于回转体运动的稳定。结论 在入水空泡能完全包裹回转体的情况下,可对回转体进行结构优化,增强回转体尾拍运动中受到的滑行力,提升回转体高速入水运动稳定性。适当减小空化器直径,能降低回转体入水过程中的阻力,并增加射程。     

土壤监测的全程序质量保证和质量控制

土壤监测的全程序质量保证和质量控制是确保获取具有代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性的监测数据的重要保证。土壤监测全程序质量控制包括机构、人员、设备、监测方案、点位布设、样品采集、保存、制备、实验室分析质量控制、数据审核等所有环节。     

氨氮质量控制研究报告

通过对氨氮测试中的空白和标准样品的不同要求的测定,以及对实际样品的不同要求的测定,得出在不同要求下测试的真实测定结果。     

Effects of Manual Handling,Posture, and Whole Body Vibrations on Low-Back Pain

To determine the effect of occupational stress on low-back pain (LBP), a cross-sectional study has been carried out, by interviews, on workers exposed to 3 stresses: manual handling (MH, 82 women and 264 men), whole body vibrations (WBV, 274 men), and static postures (278 women). Anthropometric data, occupational stress, LBP severity and frequency, and a psychological evaluation of these groups were compared to those of a control population of 208 workers (104 men and 104 women).

The results show that 30% of the population had never suffered from LBP. Age and the body mass index of the workers were the parameters most closely associated with LBP. Women involved in MH had higher frequency and severity of LBP than their reference population. Men involved in MH or exposed to WBV had higher frequency of painful episodes than their reference population. Workers exposed to one of the stresses were on sick leave for LBP more often, and for longer periods, than workers in the reference group. The results show that individual factors are often decisive in the onset of LBP. Nevertheless, in the more serious LBP cases, occupational stress is an aggravating factor for LBP and its consequences.     

基于覆岩破坏传递的超前自卸压区影响宽度研究*

为确定超前自卸压区的宽度,将其更好地应用于边采边抽钻孔布置中,探讨影响超前自卸压范围的主要因素,揭示卸压区宽度与工作面超前支承压力的内在联系,根据压力拱曲线平移特性,提出在覆岩破坏传递过程中,冒落带随回采周期性垮落,造成超前支承压力重分布,简化工作面开采模型,推导计算卸压区宽度的理论新方法并进行现场试验验证。结果表明:通过实测采面前方顺层钻孔的瓦斯抽采纯量,确定超前自卸压区宽度为28~30 m;距工作面＞20~40 m范围为卸压瓦斯高效抽采区,平均瓦斯抽采纯量0.074 m³/min,为卸压前的3.89倍;考虑覆岩破坏传递的超前自卸压区宽度计算值为29.97 m。计算值与实测结果较吻合,验证该方法的可行性,为井下卸压区高效抽采提供借鉴。     

Using interview surveys and multispecies occupancy models to inform vertebrate conservation

Species distribution data are an essential biodiversity variable requiring robust monitoring to inform wildlife conservation. Yet, such data remain inherently sparse because of the logistical challenges of monitoring biodiversity across broad geographic extents. Surveys of people knowledgeable about the occurrence of wildlife provide an opportunity to evaluate species distributions and the ecology of wildlife communities across large spatial scales. We analyzed detection histories of 30 vertebrate species across the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India, obtained from a large-scale interview survey of 2318 people who live and work in the forests of this region. We developed a multispecies occupancy model that simultaneously corrected for false-negative (non-detection) and false-positive (misidentification) errors that interview surveys can be prone to. Using this model, we integrated data across species in composite analyses of the responses of functional species groups (based on disturbance tolerance, diet, and body mass traits) to spatial variation in environmental variables, protection, and anthropogenic pressures. We observed a positive association between forest cover and the occurrence of species with low tolerance of human disturbance. Protected areas were associated with higher occurrence for species across different functional groups compared with unprotected lands. We also observed the occurrence of species with low disturbance tolerance, herbivores, and large-bodied species was negatively associated with developmental pressures, such as human settlements, energy production and mining, and demographic pressures, such as biological resource extraction. For the conservation of threatened vertebrates, our work underscores the importance of maintaining forest cover and reducing deforestation within and outside protected areas, respectively. In addition, mitigating a suite of pervasive human pressures is also crucial for wildlife conservation in one of the world's most densely populated biodiversity hotspots.     

Environmental whole farm management plans: their character, diversity, and use as agri-environmental indicators in New Zealand

This paper reports on a nationwide survey of environmental farm plan programmes and plan characteristics, towards determining New Zealand's (NZ's) capability and eligibility for reporting on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) environmental whole farm management plan agri-environmental indicator. Considerations regarding the validity of the indicator are discussed. Environmental farm planning in NZ is widespread, fragmented, and diverse. Nine of NZ's 16 regional authorities have environmental farm plan programmes involving 20 different types of environmental farm plans. Potentially half of NZ's total area of farmland is included, but this is reduced by limited and selective use of environmental farm plans as policy instruments. Three authorities are capable of readily reporting the number and coverage of their environmental farm plans; six would need to manually compile the information. Compliance monitoring is mostly informal, but necessary for checking the implementation of plan works and actions. Eligibility of NZ environmental farm plans cannot be determined until the OECD define acceptance standards. A contemporary definition of environmental farm plans is proposed, along with additional criteria necessary to ensure such plans are credible indicators of issue ownership, adoption of best management practice, and landscape changes intended to improve environmental quality.     

昆明湖沉积物的组成和理化性质的粒度响应

文章采用扫描电镜、激光粒度仪、X-射线衍射光谱仪,全谱直读ICP发射光谱仪等现代大型仪器鉴定和常规化学分析技术,对不同筛分粒径下昆明湖沉积物颗粒的组成、形貌及物理化学性质进行了综合分析.结果表明,昆明湖沉积物颗粒主要以粉粒和黏粒为主,具有晶体结构,平均粒径为22.37-160.17 μm;呈现不规则的块、片状形貌,表面...     

苏州重污染河道水体浮游植物消长规律初探

为了掌握苏州城市河道景观水体藻类富集、消长规律，为制订河道水环境质量改善方案提供科学依据，于2004年5～12月对苏州苗家河试验区进行了水质状况以及浮游植物种类和数量的调查研究。试验区河道共检出浮游植物6门73属，通过对数量进行比较，明确了苏州城市河道以绿藻－硅藻为优势种的浮游植物分布特征。通过对不同季节水体叶绿素a含量、浮游植物生物量和数量进行分析，发现浮游植物变化呈现出夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季的季节规律。这一变化结果初步揭示了河网地区城市滞流污染河道水体中浮游植物的种群分布和季节上的消长规律，可为水环境质量改善与生态修复提供重要参考。